9. Introduction

Original Articles: Approximately 300–600 words
Case Reports: Brief introduction (approximately 150–250 words )
Review Articles: Flexible according to the scope of the review

The Introduction should provide sufficient background information to help readers understand the rationale and significance of the study. It should clearly identify the research problem, summarize the current state of knowledge, highlight existing gaps in the literature, and explain why the study was undertaken.

The Introduction should be concise, focused, and supported by relevant and recent references. Authors should avoid an extensive review of the literature and include only information directly related to the objectives of the study.

The final paragraph of the Introduction should clearly state the study objective(s), research question(s), or hypothesis.

The Introduction should include:

Background and context of the study.
Current knowledge supported by relevant literature.
Identification of the research gap.
Justification for conducting the study.
Clearly stated study objective(s) or hypothesis.

Authors should avoid:

Presenting study results or conclusions.
Excessive literature review unrelated to the study objective.
Unsupported statements or personal opinions.
Unnecessary repetition of information presented elsewhere in the manuscript.

Notes

The Introduction should be logically organized and written in clear scientific English.
References should be recent, relevant, and formatted according to the journal's reference style.
Abbreviations should be defined at their first appearance.