11. Results

The Results section should present the findings of the study in a clear, logical, and objective manner without interpretation or discussion. Results should directly address the study objectives and follow the sequence described in the Materials and Methods section.

Authors should present only the findings of the study and avoid repeating information unnecessarily in the text when it is already provided in tables or figures.

11.1 Presentation of Results

Results should be presented in a logical order using text, tables, and figures where appropriate. Data should be reported accurately and consistently throughout the manuscript.

Authors should ensure that all numerical data, percentages, and statistical findings are correctly presented.

11.2 Statistical Findings

Where applicable, authors should report:

Number of participants included in the analysis.
Measures of central tendency and variability.
Confidence intervals.
P-values.
Effect sizes (where appropriate).
Results of multivariable analyses.
Subgroup analyses (if applicable).

Statistical results should be reported with sufficient detail to support the study conclusions.

11.3 Tables

Tables should:

Be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals (Table 1, Table 2, etc.).
Include a concise and descriptive title.
Be cited in numerical order within the text.
Be editable (not submitted as images).
Avoid duplication of information already presented in the text or figures.

Any abbreviations used in tables should be explained in footnotes.

11.4 Figures and Graphs

Figures should:

Be numbered consecutively (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.).
Be of high resolution and suitable for publication.
Include informative legends.
Be cited in the text in numerical order.
Clearly illustrate the study findings.

Images should not be manipulated in a manner that could misrepresent the research findings.

11.5 Reporting of Numerical Data

Authors should:

Report measurements using SI (International System of Units) where applicable.
Use consistent decimal places throughout the manuscript.
Clearly identify units of measurement.
Present percentages together with actual numbers whenever appropriate.

11.6 Avoid Interpretation

The Results section should present findings only.

Interpretation, comparison with previous studies, implications of the findings, and limitations should be discussed in the Discussion section.

Notes

Present findings objectively and accurately.
Do not duplicate data in both text and tables unless necessary.
Report all pre-specified primary and secondary outcomes.
Ensure consistency between the text, tables, figures, and supplementary material.

Recommended Length

Original Articles: According to the complexity of the study.
Case Reports: Describe clinical findings, investigations, management, and outcomes.
Review Articles: Generally not applicable.